中共开江县委书记罗建谈“两学一做”
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[edit] Early C
- 1969: B created, based on BCPL, to replace PDP-7 assembler as the system programming language for Unix
- added operators ++, --, compound assignment, remained a typeless language like BCPL
- 1971: NB ("new B") created when porting B to PDP-11
- types (int, char, arrays and pointers), array-to-pointer conversion, compilation to machine code
- 1972: Language renamed to C
- struct, operators && and ||, preprocessor, portable I/O
- 1973: Unix re-written in C
- unsigned, long, union, enumerations, increased type safety
- 1978: The C Programming Language, 1st edition
[edit] Standard C
- 1983: ANSI established X3J11 committee
- 1988: The C Programming Language, 2nd edition
- 1989: C89, the ANSI C standard published
- codified existing practices
- new features: volatile, enum, signed, void, locales
- From C++: const, function prototypes
- 1990: C90, the ANSI C standard accepted as ISO/IEC 9899:1990
- 1994: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Cor.1:1994)
- 1995: C95 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Amd.1:1995) (online store)
- greatly expanded wide and multibyte character support (<wctype.h>, <wchar.h>, additions and changes to stream I/O, etc)
- digraphs, <iso646.h>,
- 1996: Technical corrigendum 2 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Cor.2:1996)
- 1999: C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999)
- new features: bool, long long, <stdint.h>, <inttypes.h>, restrict, compound literals, variable length arrays, flexible array members, designated initializers, <fenv.h>, variadic macros, complex numbers, __func__, hexadecimal floating-point format (%a), monetary formatting in lconv, isblank, concatenation of narrow and wide string literals, trailing comma in enumerations, empty arguments in function-like macros, STDC_* pragmas, va_copy, null return of tmpnam, null pointer in setvbuf,
hhandlllength-specifiers in printf, snprintf, _Exit, <tgmath.h>, POSIX-like strftime specifiers - from C++: inline, mix declarations and code, declarations in the init-clause of the for loop, // comments, universal character names in source code
- removed implicit functions and implicit int
- 2001: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.1:2001)
- 2004: Technical corrigendum 2 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.2:2004)
- 2004: Unicode TR (ISO/IEC TR 19769:2004) (ISO store) (N1040 November 7, 2003 draft)
- 2007: Technical corrigendum 3 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.3:2007) (N1256 September 7, 2007 draft)
- deprecated gets
- 2007: Bounds-checking interfaces TR (ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007) (ISO store) (N1225 March 28, 2007 draft)
- 2008: Embedded TR (ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008) (ISO store) (N1021 September 24, 2003 draft)
- 2009: Decimal floating-point TR (ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009) (ISO store) (N1241 July 5, 2007 draft)
- 2009: Mathematical special functions TR (ISO/IEC TR 24747:2009) (ISO store) (N1182 August 2, 2006 draft)
- 2010: Dynamic allocations functions TR (ISO/IEC TR 24731-2:2010) (ISO store) (N1388 June 1, 2009 draft)
- 2011: C11 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011) (ISO store) (ANSI store) (N1570 April 12, 2011 draft)
- thread-aware memory model, <stdatomic.h>, <threads.h>, type-generic functions, alignas/alignof, noreturn, static_assert, analyzability extensions, extensions to complex and imaginary types, anonymous structures and unions, exclusive file open mode, quick_exit
- removed gets
- from Bounds-checking interfaces TR: bounds-checking interfaces,
- from Unicode TR: char16_t, char32_t, and <uchar.h>
- 2012: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012) (ISO store)
- Fixes DR 411
- 2013: Secure Coding Rules TS (ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013) (ISO store) (N1718 May 30, 2013)
- 2014: FP TS part 1: Binary floating-point arithmetic (ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014) (ISO store) (N1778 2013 draft)
- provides changes to C11 (mostly to Annex F) that cover all basic requirements and some recommendations of IEC 60559:2011 (C11 was built on IEC 60559:1989)
- 2015: FP TS part 2: Decimal floating-point arithmetic (ISO/IEC TS 18661-2:2015) (ISO store) (N1912 2015 draft)
- provides changes to C11 to support all the requirements, plus some basic recommendations, of IEC 60559:2011 for decimal floating-point arithmetic. This supersedes ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009.
- 2015: FP TS part 3: Interchange and extended types (ISO/IEC TS 18661-3:2015) (ISO store) (N1945 2015 draft)
- provides changes to C11 to support the recommendations of IEC 60559:2011 for extended floating‐point formats and the interchange formats, both arithmetic and non-arithmetic.
- 2015: FP TS part 4: Supplementary functions (ISO/IEC TS 18661-4:2015) (ISO store) (N1950 2015 draft)
- provides changes to C11 to support all mathematical operations recommended by IEC 60559:2011, including trigonometry in π units, inverse square root, compounded interest, etc.
- 2016: FP TS part 5: Supplementary attributes (ISO/IEC TS 18661-5:2016) (ISO store) (N2004 2016 draft)
- provides changes to C11 to support all supplementary attributes (evaluation model, exception handling, reproducibility, etc) recommended by IEC 60559:2011
- 2018: C17 (ISO/IEC 9899:2018) (ISO Store) (Final draft)
| Defect Reports fixed in C17 (54 defects) |
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- 2023 C23 (ISO/IEC 9899:2024). C23 is the current revision of the C standard.
| Defect Reports fixed in C23 (? defects) |
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[edit] Future development
- Parallelism TS (Draft N2017 2025-08-07)
- Transactional Memory TS (Draft N1961 2025-08-07)
- C (Latest draft n3550 2025-08-07)
- List of issues that were not granted DR status: (N2556 2025-08-07)
- Main Article: C29 ?
- Next major C language standard revision
[edit] See also
| C++ documentation for History of C++
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[edit] External links
| 1. | The Development of the C Language by Dennis M. Ritchie |
| 2. | Rationale for the C99 standard |
